JavaScript类


JavaScript本身没有类的概念。

但是我们可以通过利用JavaScript的原型性质来模拟类的功能。

本文假设您对原型有基本的了解。

为了清楚起见,我们假设我们想要创建一个可以执行以下操作的类

var p = new Person('James','Bond'); // create a new instance of Person class
    p.log() // Output: 'I am James Bond' // Accessing a function in the class
    // Using setters and getters
    p.profession = 'spy'
    p.profession // output: James bond is a spy

使用class关键字

与任何其他编程语言一样,您现在可以使用class关键字来创建类。

旧版浏览器不支持此功能,并且已在ECMAScript 2015中引入。

class Person {
    constructor(firstName, lastName) {
        this._firstName = firstName;
        this._lastName = lastName;
    }

    log() {
        console.log('I am', this._firstName, this._lastName);
    }

    // setters
    set profession(val) {
        this._profession = val;
    }
    // getters
    get profession() {
        console.log(this._firstName, this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
    }

 }

class只是JavaScript现有的基于原型的继承模型的语法糖。

通常,程序员使用以下方法在JavaScript中创建类。

使用添加到原型的方法:

在这里,所有方法都被添加到原型中

function Person(firstName, lastName) {
    this._firstName = firstName;
    this._lastName = lastName;
 }

 Person.prototype.log = function() {
    console.log('I am', this._firstName, this._lastName);
 }

 // This line adds getters and setters for the profession object. Note that in general you could just write your own get and set functions like the 'log' method above.
 // Since in this example we are trying the mimic the class above, we try to use the getters and setters property provided by JavaScript
 Object.defineProperty(Person.prototype, 'profession', {
    set: function(val) {
        this._profession = val;
    },
    get: function() {
        console.log(this._firstName, this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
    }
 })

您还可以在函数Person编写原型方法,如下所示

Person.prototype = {
    log: function() {
        console.log('I am ', this._firstName, this._lastName);
    }
    set profession(val) {
        this._profession = val;
    }

    get profession() {
        console.log(this._firstName, this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
    }

 }

使用内部添加的方法

这里的方法是内部添加而不是原型

function Person(firstName, lastName) {
    this._firstName = firstName;
    this._lastName = lastName;

    this.log = function() {
        console.log('I am ', this._firstName, this._lastName);
    }

    Object.defineProperty(this, 'profession', {
        set: function(val) {
            this._profession = val;
        },
        get: function() {
            console.log(this._firstName, this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
        }
    })
 }

用符号隐藏类中的细节

大多数情况下,必须隐藏一些属性和方法以防止从函数外部进行访问。对于类,要获得此功能,一种方法是使用符号。 Symbol是一种新的内置JavaScript类型,可以调用它来提供新的符号值。每个符号都是唯一的,可以用作对象的键。因此,符号的一个用例是,您可以向您可能不拥有的对象添加内容,并且您可能不希望与对象的任何其他键冲突,因此创建新的并使用符号将该属性添加到该对象是最安全的。此外,当符号值添加到对象时;没有人会知道如何得到它。

class Person {
    constructor(firstName, lastName) {
        this._firstName = firstName;
        this._lastName = lastName;
    }

    log() {
        console.log('I am', this._firstName, this._lastName);
    }

    // setters
    set profession(val) {
        this._profession = val;
    }
    // getters
    get profession() {
        console.log(this._firstName, this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
    }
 // With the above code, even though we can access the properties outside the function to change their content what if we don't want that.
 // Symbols come to rescue.
 let s_firstname  = new Symbol();

 class Person {
    constructor(firstName, lastName) {
        this[s_firstName] = firstName;
        this._lastName = lastName;
    }

    log() {
        console.log('I am', this._firstName, this._lastName);
    }

    // setters
    set profession(val) {
        this._profession = val;
    }
    // getters
    get profession() {
        console.log(this[s_firstName], this._lastName, 'is a', this._profession);
    }

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